I found lots of errors in the logs about USB port issue. It goes from the Lenovo ThinkPad Thunderbolt 3 Dock Gen 2 DK1841 in Linux (ubuntu based distro).
Error message in dmesg:

usb usb2-port3: Cannot enable. Maybe the USB cable is bad?

Dmesg logs output when connecting dock station:

[1781808.182951] usb 2-3: new SuperSpeed Plus Gen 2x1 USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
[1781808.198623] usb 2-3: New USB device found, idVendor=17ef, idProduct=307f, bcdDevice=51.63
[1781808.198628] usb 2-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[1781808.198630] usb 2-3: Product: USB3.1 Hub             
[1781808.198632] usb 2-3: Manufacturer: VIA Labs, Inc.         
[1781808.198634] usb 2-3: SerialNumber: 00000000000000000000001
[1781808.199540] hub 2-3:1.0: USB hub found
[1781808.199677] hub 2-3:1.0: 4 ports detected
[1781808.729404] usb 2-3.1: new SuperSpeed Plus Gen 2x1 USB device number 3 using xhci_hcd
[1781808.745460] usb 2-3.1: New USB device found, idVendor=17ef, idProduct=307f, bcdDevice=51.33
[1781808.745464] usb 2-3.1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[1781808.745465] usb 2-3.1: Product: USB3.1 Hub             
[1781808.745466] usb 2-3.1: Manufacturer: VIA Labs, Inc.         
[1781808.745467] usb 2-3.1: SerialNumber: 00000000000000000000001
[1781808.757121] hub 2-3.1:1.0: USB hub found
[1781808.757366] hub 2-3.1:1.0: 4 ports detected
[1781810.297749] usb 2-3: USB disconnect, device number 2
[1781810.297760] usb 2-3.1: USB disconnect, device number 3
[1781810.529474] usb 2-3: Device not responding to setup address.
[1781810.741558] usb 2-3: Device not responding to setup address.
[1781810.949745] usb 2-3: device not accepting address 4, error -71

I've tested every usb port with mouse adapter and all of them are based on usb3 hub. Seems like the issue with drivers or something else.

To check usb bindings:

sudo ls -la /sys/bus/usb/drivers/usb

To check usb devices:

lsusb -t

To remove the message from the logs and fix retries of connections to the USB

echo 'usb2' | sudo tee /sys/bus/usb/drivers/usb/unbind

Possibly this command should be executed after device connected to the laptop.. Didn't check it.